BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cattle farming is an important pillar of dry climate agriculture. Cattle farming has even become the main engine of the community's economy. Currently, there are significant obstacles in the implementation of ecological, economic, technological, and infrastructural dimensions, alongside legal and institutional frameworks, that are essential for promoting sustainable livestock farming practices. Specific studies on different dimensional attributes affecting the sustainability of beef cattle are required. The objective of this study is to investigate different factors within four dimensions that affect the sustainability of cattle farming practices in dry climatic conditions.METHODS: This study was conducted using an interview approach to respondents using a questionnaire or list of questions. The questionnaire contains questions on 37 dimensional attributes, including ten environmental, ten economic, ten technological and infrastructure attributes, and seven legal and institutional attributes. A range of responses was collected from individuals engaged in livestock management in the dry climatic conditions of Timor Tengah Utara Regency. The data that has been collected is analyzed employing Multidimensional Scaling and expedited appraisal software. To evaluate sustainability and leverage attributes, Monte Carlo analysis and the alternating least squares algorithm are applied.FINDINGS: The study's outcomes revealed that the sustainability index pertaining to beef cattle farming in dry climates recorded an average score of 53.09 percent. This finding is based on the economic dimension of 45.58 percent, the environmental dimension of 54.18 percent, the technology and infrastructure dimension of 35.15 percent, and the legal and institutional dimension of 77.46 percent. The sustainability index, reflecting the technology and infrastructure aspects, ranks the lowest, primarily because the technological advancements necessary for achieving sustainable livestock farming are still underdeveloped. The availability of livestock waste processing technology is still relatively low and has not been processed optimally. This situation has an impact on the environment.CONCLUSION: The sustainability index of dry climate beef cattle farming is greatly influenced by the attributes of technology and infrastructure dimensions. The enhancement of sustainability in the future necessitates careful consideration of specific factors, including the accessibility of waste and product processing technologies, advancements in information technology, and the development of road infrastructure. Attributes in the legal and institutional dimensions are the main factors supporting beef cattle's sustainability. Optimizing extension services by increasing the number of livestock extension workers is crucial in accelerating the dissemination of eco-friendly livestock technoloBeef Cattle; Dry climate; Environmentally friendly; Multidimensional scaling (MDS); Sustainability assessmenty and innovation.

By using molecular farming, plants are used as a bio-reactor for producing low cost recombinant proteins. This technology had been successful in the production of primary products in the commercial field. Other recombinant products are in final steps of production. In the last 10 years, up to 100 different recombinant proteins are produced in transgenic plants. Plants have many advantages in comparison with other expression systems, especially in economic, safety, operations and production aspects. However, there are some problems for using plants as a bio-reactor with the goal of recombinant proteins production that should be considered. Some of these problems are: the quality of final product, extraction and the processing of plant derived pharmaceutical macromolecules and bio-safety. In this study, we will review the global view of molecular farming and some successful cases in Iran. During 8 years of research in the field of molecular farming in Iran, especially in Tarbiat Modarres University, different kinds of recombinant proteins such as VHH single domain antibody in tobacco and canola and tPA protein in tobacco were expressed. The human gamma interferon in canola and tobacco and also the luciferase enzyme in tobacco, African violet and canola were produced. Also, useful projects are executed in the field of transplastomic plants in order to express the mentioned genes in the chloroplast. In transferring the human pro-insulin gene to chloroplast genome, this gene was bombarded onto tobacco leaf ex-plants using a particle delivery system. Leaf ex-plants produced adventitious shoots when cultured on shoot-inducing medium containing spectinomycin. The results of peR confirmed that the pro-insulin gene was present in the chloroplast genome.

Nifedipine is a hypertension drug must be consumed three times a day due to its low oral bioavailability. One way of developing a controlled drug delivery system is making nifedipine microcapsules by using environmentally friendly polymers of polylactic acid and polycaprolactone via the evaporation method using oil-in-water solvents. Polylactic acid and polycaprolactone can be said to be environmentally friendly polymers, because they can be degraded naturally in nature both in the biotic, and abiotic environment, or microorganism. In this study, polylactic acid, Polycaprolactone, and nifedipine were dissolved in dichloromethane solvent; then, an emulsifier was added for the emulsification stage. After passing through the dispersion stage for the process of compaction of the microcapsules by solvent evaporation, the microcapsules were filtered. Microcapsules were characterized using particle size analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The drug release percentage was determined by dissolving microcapsules for 55 hours using a buffer at the potential of hydrogen 1. 2 and pH 7. 4 as dissolution media. In this study, all variations in the composition of polyblend resulted in a percent efficiency of encapsulation ranging from 78. 82%-89. 84%, and percent release ranging from 6. 80%-39. 07%. The composition of 100% polylactic acid produces the highest percent encapsulation efficiency of 89. 84% but produces the lowest percentage of drug release at 6. 80%. The best composition obtained was polylactic acid: polycaprolactone 1: 9 (weight per weight), with a percent release of 39. 07% and percent encapsulation of 78. 82%. Microcapsule solids produced are approximately 96%. Particle Size of microcapsule ranges at 0. 5 μ M.

Intercropping systems and soil amendments usage are the environmental friendly strategies to improve the quality of plants. A study was conducted to investigate the yield and some quality traits of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in intercropping system with forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) with the use of vermicompost and biochar as soil amendments. The research was conducted during 2018 and 2019 using split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments in the main plots were: A1: 90% forage turnip + 10% basil; A2: 80% forage turnip + 20% basil; A3: 70% forage turnip + 30% basil, also two vermicompost levels (15 ton ha-1, 18.5 ton ha-1) and two biochar levels (control, 5 ton ha-1) were placed in subplots. The results showed that intercropping of basil and forage turnip at level of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil with biochar and vermicompost at 18.5 ton ha-1 was the best performance compared to other treatments. That treatment raised dry matter yield (62.54%), essential oil (63.15%), essential oil yield (191.76%), and total flavonoids (36.18%), compared to 90% forage turnip + 10% basil and vermicompost at 15 ton ha-1, without biochar. In intercropping treatments, 70% forage turnip + 30% basil increased soluble protein (88.88%), and improved total phenols (103.98%), compared to 90% forage turnip + 10% basil. Application of vermicompost reduced soluble protein (50%), and improved total phenols (27.36%), and biochar usage raising soluble protein (75%) and increased total phenols (60.56%), compared to control. Generally, intercropping in level of 70% forage turnip + 30% basil and the application of vermicompost 18.5 ton ha-1 and biochar increased the yield, yield compounds and quality of basil and it can be suggested to farmers as environmental friendly methods to improve basil yield and quality.

Objective: This research was conducted with the aim of studying the role of environmental knowledge on environmental responsibility and environmentally friendly behavior of paragliding athletes.  Methodology: A survey method was used to conduct this research. All paraglider athletes using the flight site of Ramyan city were considered as the community. In a period of 3 months, 319 paragliding athletes were purposefully selected as samples. Data collection was done using three questionnaires of environmental knowledge (Liang et al., 2016), environmental responsibility (Taufique et al., 2014) and environmentally friendly behavior (Lee et al., 2015). The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics (including frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (specifically, structural equation modeling). The analyses were conducted using two statistical software programs: SPSS version 25 and Smart PLS version 3. Results: The findings showed that environmental knowledge has a positive and significant effect on the environmental responsibility of paragliding athletes. It was also found that the effect of environmental knowledge on the environmentally friendly behavior of paragliding athletes is positive and significant. In addition, the results showed that environmental responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the environmentally friendly behavior of paragliding athletes. Finally, it was found that environmental knowledge has a positive and significant effect on the environmentally friendly behavior of paragliding athletes with the mediating role of environmental responsibility. Conclusion: Training environmental issues to Paragliding athletes can have positive consequences such as increasing environmental responsibility and developing nature-friendly behavior in them.

Background Ecological justice is a challenging concept in relation to the current development of agriculture، because it positions social and ecological interests against market liberalism and economic growth. Ecological justice concerns fairness with regard to the common environment based on the idea that environments are fundamentally shared. Organic agriculture is in an advanced position with regard to ecological justice، since it aims to interact in a positive way with the environment. But ecological justice also poses significant challenges to organic agriculture. In this study is considered to the status of environmental justice in the global challenges of organic farming by looking at the ethical and practical activities and the manner of convergence and compromise between environmental justice and organic activities. Conclusion The three main challenges of hithero commons، external environmental and social costs that are not accounted in the market، growing distance in form of distant trade and ownership in the organic food. We conclude that the ideas of ecological justice can be promoted by in different way by means of organic agriculture، by implementing ecological justice more fully in the organic certification standards through incorporating a measure of nearness and developing an organic fair trade، by promoting non-certified agriculture based on the organic principles as an alternative development strategy for local sustainable communities and food security and by organic agriculture serving as an alternative example for the broader implementation of ecological justice in agriculture and society.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Integrated rice–fish farming (Minapadi) enhances agricultural sustainability but remains challenged by pest management practices that often rely on environmentally harmful synthetic insecticides. This study aims to develop and assess an eco-friendly pest control strategy using botanical insecticides, ensuring safe integration of rice and fish farming while maintaining ecological balance and improving profitability.METHODS: Field experiments were conducted in Central Java, Indonesia, with four treatments: conventional rice monoculture, Minapadi without insecticide, Minapadi with synthetic insecticides, and Minapadi with botanical insecticides (eugenol-based). Key parameters including arthropod biodiversity, pest incidence, fish survival, rice yield, and economic feasibility were monitored over two planting seasons.FINDINGS: Results showed that Botanical insecticide treatment enhanced arthropod diversity (11 morphospecies versus 9 under synthetic treatments) while effectively reducing pest damage (less than 1 percent caterpillar damage, less than 5 percent grasshopper infestation). No insecticide residues were found in fish, soil, or water samples. Fish survival remained high (more than 90 percent), and rice yields increased by 15 percent compared to conventional practices. Economically, botanical Minapadi systems improved farmers’ net income by approximately 16 percent per hectare.CONCLUSION: The botanical insecticide–based Minapadi system offers a sustainable, eco-friendly approach to managing pests by leveraging plant-derived compounds that biodegrade rapidly and pose minimal risk to non-target organisms, including fish and beneficial arthropods. By integrating these biopesticides into rice–fish farming, we observed not only effective suppression of key rice pests, but also enhanced water and soil quality, leading to healthier fish populations and increased overall system resilience. Economically, the slightly higher input costs of botanical sprays were offset by improved rice yields, reduced post-harvest losses, and higher fish survival rates, resulting in significant gains in net farm income. Taken together, these findings underscore the potential for wider adoption of environmentally sustainable rice–fish integration, contributing to the twin goals of sustainable agriculture and regional food security while offering a scalable model for smallholder farmers.